Month: June 2005


  • June 27, 2005

    Court Rules File-Sharing Networks Can Be Held Liable for Illegal Use




    The United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously today that Internet file-sharing services like Grokster and StreamCast Networks could be held responsible if they encouraged users to trade songs, movies and television shows online without paying for them.


    The case, which pitted the entertainment industry against technology companies in the continuing battle over the proper balance between protecting copyrights and fostering innovation, overturns lower court decisions that found the file-sharing networks were not liable because their services allowed for substantial legitimate uses. The justices said there was enough evidence that the Web sites were seeking to profit from their customers’ use of the illegally shared files for the case to go back to lower court for trial.


    “We hold that one who distributes a device with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright, as shown by the clear expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster infringement, is liable for the resulting acts of infringement by third parties,” Justice David H. Souter wrote for the court in Metro-Goldwyn Mayer Studios v. Grokster.


    The decision was hailed by the major Hollywood studios and global music labels, which had warned that rampant online sharing of content not only harmed their bottom lines, but ultimately could inhibit the creation of new content. The recording industry has been mired in a sales slump for most of this decade, and it has blamed song-swapping over the Internet for that decline. While movies and television shows are more difficult to trade online because of their greater file sizes, technological advances are making that movement increasingly easy and threaten the cash cow that DVD sales have become for the studios.


    “The Supreme Court sent a strong and clear message that businesses based on theft should not and will not be allowed to flourish,” Dan Glickman, the president and chief executive of the Motion Picture Association of America, said in a statement. “This decision will be of utmost importance as we continue developing innovative and legitimate ways to marry content and technology so consumers can access entertainment on a variety of devices.”


    There was some relief expressed among lawyers and advocacy groups aligned with Grokster, in that the Supreme Court seemed to clearly focus its attention not on the legality of peer-to-peer technology itself, but on the behavior of players seeking to make a profit from the technology.


    But there was widespread concern that the court, which provided little in the way of describing what might qualify as behavior aimed at encouraging infringement, has opened up the door to prohibitive legal battles that just might stifle future innovations.


    “The court has now given as precedent to the whole world of digital technology companies a very difficult road to follow,” said Richard Taranto, the lawyer who argued the case on behalf of Grokster and StreamCast before the Supreme Court.


    “The immediate impact for the future of our case is not clear,” he said, but the impact on future technologies “is a chilling one.”


    Michael Weiss, the chief executive of StreamCast, seemed to welcome the chance to prove that his company did nothing to encourage illegal behavior among its users. “We’ll have another day in court,” he said. “Make that several days in court.”


    Grokster and StreamCast had argued that there were many legitimate uses for their technology, like the transmission of material in the public domain, and had pointed to the Supreme Court’s decision more than 20 years ago involving the Betamax video recorder sold by the Sony Corporation to bolster its claims that they were not responsible for any copyright violations by their customers.


    The Federal District Court in Los Angeles had ruled for the defendants in the case, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco affirmed the decision last August.


    But the opinion by Justice Souter dismissed the Sony Betamax comparison. Unlike the Sony case, he argued that the Grokster and StreamCast sought to capitalize on the online trading of copyrighted material and that there was “no evidence” that either company tried very hard to block or impede that sharing. “The record is replete with evidence that from the moment Grokster and StreamCast began to distribute their free software, each one clearly voiced the objective that recipients use it to download copyrighted works, and each took active steps to encourage infringement,” he wrote.


    The court decision, analysts said, provides media companies with the legal support to use lawsuits as an economic weapon against the file sharing networks, in addition to its efforts against individuals the movie and record industries accused of widespread sharing of files.


    “This is significant win for the record and movie industries,” said Gene Munster, a media analyst for Piper Jaffray & Company. “It means that file sharing networks – and not just end users – have to share some of the responsibility for piracy.”


    The ruling, according to analysts, could provide a lift for legal music online businesses like Apple’s iStore, RealNetworks and Napster, and the emerging online movie services like Movielink, CinemaNow and Starz on RealNetworks. But that depends on consumer behavior.


    “The question is, will the people who have been stealing music and movies now step up and pay for it?” Mr. Munster said. “That remains to be seen.”


    Steve Lohr and Tom Zeller Jr. contributed reporting for this article






  • 26, 2005
    Misery Loves Fried Chicken, Too
    By MARK McDEVITT

    NATE was my breakup buddy. We were introduced at Scruffy Murphy’s Irish Bar by a mutual friend who thought we’d like each other. And I liked Nate instantly. With his tight crew cut and animated features, he seemed transplanted from another generation. You could easily imagine him as a bit player in a 50′s war movie, yelling out lines like “Hey Sarge! Over here, he’s inna hole!” or “They shot me, Ma! I’m bleedin’!”

    We hung out that summer evening in support of a favorite local band. But when our mutual friend left Florida for Boston, and Nate started seeing a woman, our fledgling friendship stalled out.

    I was in a relationship then, too. She and I had been together for more than two years and even had begun to talk about marriage, which both excited and terrified us. We were approaching our 30′s, so it seemed like the logical next step. And then it all unraveled rather suddenly, leaving me angry and bewildered.

    It was during this aftermath that I bumped into Nate again. At first I didn’t quite recognize him. In the year since I’d seen him, he’d packed on a good 20 pounds and grown a scruffy beard. Gone were the once animated features and zippy one-liners. Something about his hollowed-out stare and shellshocked appearance told me his relationship hadn’t worked out either. No surprise, then, that the place we ran into each other was the self-help section of Barnes & Noble.

    This time our bonding was instantaneous and absolute, the kind shared between shipwreck survivors on a bobbing yellow life raft. While no model of mental health myself, I at least had a couple of months’ head start on Nate. For him, only weeks after his breakup, the world was still a minefield of painful associative memories: a sudden whiff of jasmine or an innocent radio jingle apt to produce in him bouts of demented laughter or uncontrollable crying.

    Over the next couple of months our friendship flourished. Favorite recipes for chili were exchanged, along with Patsy Cline records. We swapped our many self-help books, which we referred to with titles like “Men Are from Mars, Women Are for the Birds” and “Cohabitating No More.” I gave Nate the entire collector’s edition of the Three Stooges; he gave me a cactus.

    “These prickly little bastards is some tough hombres,” he explained. “Just like you and me. We may be in the desert right now, but I’m here to tell ya that we’ll get through this.”

    Over time our anger and despair gave way to confusion. Just what happened anyway? Where did we go wrong?

    Like a crack team of F.A.A. investigators we scoured the crash sites of our respective disasters looking for clues. Details and timelines were relentlessly hashed over. But the cause of Nate’s midair explosion remained as mysterious to us as the forces that had caused my own relationship to belly flop into the Everglades like a jumbo jet with the wings sheared off.

    Our futile search for answers only deepened our depression, but the great thing about depression is that it’s not one size fits all but comes tailor-made to suit our particular personalities. For me it’s about insomnia, skewed priorities and loss of interest.

    Food, work, correspondence, even the Three Stooges: all lose their luster. The big picture fades, as minor details assume gargantuan proportions. CD’s will suddenly beckon to be rearranged, from alphabetical to reverse chronological order and back again. I simply have no choice.

    The only real consolation is found in pop music: Leonard Cohen, Elvis Costello, the Smiths: a never ending cycle of misery and heartache providing grist for our mill of self-pity. Pop music has the amazing ability to make you feel depressed and hopeful at the same time: depressed that you identify with the sentiment and hopeful because someone feels more miserable than you.

    For me that someone was Nate. The only brightness to my day was seeing my breakup buddy and feeling marginally better that he was even more depressed than I. He’d show up at my door carrying a family-size bucket of chicken drumsticks. If I’d lost all interest in food, Nate had gone in the opposite direction; he gobbled up anything that wasn’t fastened to the floor. Even so, he couldn’t figure out his weight gain.

    “I just don’t get it,” he’d say, wolfing down his third cheeseburger. “I mean, where did it all come from? It’s like you turn 30 and boom! You’re a pumpkin.”

    I suggested a little exercise. There were tennis courts near his apartment, and so it became our habit to play once or twice a week. Neither of us played well, but with a lot of sweating and grunting, it proved therapeutic.

    When I aggravated an old shoulder injury, our tennis came to an end. After that I didn’t hear from Nate for a couple of weeks, and I assumed he’d found another tennis partner or become busy at work. But when my phone calls and e-mail messages went unanswered, I decided to drive over to his apartment and check up on him. His car was there, but the blinds were drawn. After I pounded on the door for a good 15 minutes, Nate finally poked his head outside, like a giant mastodon awakened from a thousand year slumber. Something about his glassy-eyed stare and the greenish orange hue of his skin told me he’d taken a turn for the worse.

    Walking into his darkened lair, I understood that Nate had not found another tennis partner. Instead he had crossed over into Joseph Conrad territory; he’d journeyed up the Nang River into “The Heart of Darkness.”

    Without air-conditioning, the apartment was a good 10 degrees hotter than the 90 degrees outside. The fetid hum of sweat, unwashed clothing and rotting food hung heavy in the air. A chicken carcass lay on the kitchen floor, stripped to the bone as if by piranha.

    Walking to open a window, I noticed there were vegetable peelings all over the floor. Nate appeared moments later from the kitchen, mechanically shaving a carrot. When he finished, he chomped on the carrot and started peeling another.

    “What’s with the carrots?” I asked.

    “Oh nothing,” he said. “I just quit smoking.”

    “And you took up carrots?”

    “Gives me something to do with my hands.”

    I filled three garbage bags with chicken bones and pizza boxes and took them out to the Dumpster.

    Smack in the middle of the living room, directly in front of the television, was a shiny new bench press and giant barbell. Glossy brochures and bright plastic folders about how to become a real estate millionaire in 10 easy steps littered the floor.

    Gradually a picture began to emerge of a man who hadn’t slept or washed in days, spending his time alternately lifting weights, watching late-night infomercials and eating fried chicken.

    Alarmed and anxious to get out of there, I suggested we go see a movie. He was game, and after stopping for two bags of carrots, we pulled into the theater.

    The event movie of the summer was “Cast Away,” starring Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland, a clever chap who washes ashore on a desert island after his plane goes down in the Pacific. As his hope of rescue fades, he begins the long battle for survival and, more important, his sanity. Something about the story spoke directly to Nate and me.

    While I don’t think “Cast Away” was intended as a comedy, we never laughed so hard in all our lives. It was like watching ourselves up there on screen. People in the audience glared disapprovingly as we laughed in all the wrong places. We howled when Chuck knocked out his tooth with an ice skate. While the rest of the audience sniffled as he selected the tree from which to hang himself, we clenched our sides with hilarity.

    Hopelessly isolated and lonely, Chuck develops a relationship with a volleyball, giving the ball a face, even a name: Wilson. It was Wilson, more than anything, that helped preserve his sanity, allowing him to mount a last desperate bid to escape his island prison.

    I thought about the strange set of circumstances and coincidence that had brought Nate and me together. I told myself he was fortunate to have me as a friend. And while keeping an eye on him had allowed me to feel charitable and magnanimous, I knew my impulse was anything but altruistic.

    IN truth Nate was the yardstick by which I measured my own progress, helping me to feel good about myself and preserve my own sanity. Nate, I realized, had become my Wilson. This overweight, slightly addled person munching carrots next to me was my life raft.

    When the movie ended, we shuffled outside with the rest of the Saturday night date crowd: handsome boys and coltish girls dressed in shorts and T-shirts. They wandered outside, laughing and smiling, blissfully unaware of the dangers they courted.

    Would they still be happy and smiling in a year’s time, knowing as we did that to love is to risk great unhappiness? For them the movie was over, forgotten like the too-large buckets of popcorn left under their seats. For us the movie clung like a lingering dream state. It followed us into the parking lot and beyond.

    After getting ice cream, Nate and I sat outside admiring the clear night sky, happy to have company but each secretly wishing that he was somewhere else, with someone else. I couldn’t even recognize it for the glorious time it was.

    Six months later I finally managed to escape my own desert island by moving to New York. And though I’ve since lost touch with Nate, I often think about him. When I do, it’s not the grief of my horrible breakup I remember but the laughter and friendship that followed.

    Don’t believe me? Just ask Chuck Noland. I’m sure he feels the same way about Wilson.

    Mark McDevitt, who lives in Queens, recently completed a book-length work of personal essays.

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  •  




    June 27, 1928

    F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sylvia Beach, James Joyce

    Joyce, Fitzgerald, Jumping
    by Steve King

    On this day in 1928 Sylvia Beach hosted a dinner party in order that F. Scott Fitzgerald, who “worshipped James Joyce, but was afraid to approach him,” might do so. In her Shakespeare and Company memoir Beach delicately avoids describing what happened, although she perhaps suggests an explanation: “Poor Scott was earning so much from his books that he and Zelda had to drink a great deal of champagne in Montmartre in an effort to get rid of it.” According to Herbert Gorman, another guest and Joyce’s first biographer, Fitzgerald sank down on one knee before Joyce, kissed his hand, and declared: “How does it feel to be a great genius, Sir? I am so excited at seeing you, Sir, that I could weep.” As the evening progressed, Fitzgerald “enlarged upon Nora Joyce’s beauty, and, finally, darted through an open window to the stone balcony outside, jumped on to the eighteen-inch-wide parapet and threatened to fling himself to the cobbled thoroughfare below unless Nora declared that she loved him.”

    Beach, and almost everyone, liked and lamented Fitzgerald in equal measure: “…With his blue eyes and good looks, his concern for others, that wild recklessness of his, and his fallen-angel fascination, he streaked across the rue de l’Odéon, dazzling us for a moment.” Joyce was alarmed at the falling-angel side — “That young man must be mad,” he later told Beach. “I’m afraid he’ll do himself an injury some day” — but he handled the American exuberance with Old World charm. When Fitzgerald sent him a copy of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man a few days later, asking for a dedication, Joyce sent back this note: “Herewith is the book you gave me, signed, and I am adding a portrait of the artist as a once young man with the thought of your much obliged but most pusillanimous guest.”

    Several years earlier Fitzgerald had written his editor, Max Perkins, that he was pledged to writing “something really NEW in form, idea, structure — the model for the age that Joyce and Stein are searching for, that Conrad didn’t find.” This was after The Great Gatsby, when it was clear that neither the reviews nor the sales were going to be what he had hoped: “Some day they’ll eat grass, by God!” Writing to Perkins about his dinner with Joyce, Fitzgerald said that he took heart from hearing Joyce say that his next book would take three or four more years to complete. Fitzgerald’s next and last novel (but for the incomplete The Last Tycoon) was Tender is the Night — not the “model for the age” that he had hoped. He would die of a heart attack at age forty, just three weeks before Joyce would die suddenly at age fifty-eight. In the Modern Library’s Top 100 list for the century, the first three books are Ulysses, The Great Gatsby, and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Zelda did not share her husband’s enthusiasm for Joyce. When undergoing treatment for her first breakdown — this was 1930, several years after the dinner — she asked Scott to choose her some books, carefully: “I have been reading Joyce and find it a nightmare in my present condition. . . and not Lawrence and not Virginia Wolf [sic] or anybody who writes by dipping the broken threads of their heads into the ink of literary history, please.” Several years later, Joyce’s daughter, Lucia would have the same psychiatrist as Zelda, stay for a time in the same Lake Geneva clinic, and also be diagnosed as schizophrenic.


  • Niki Lauda, 3 Time Formula One Grand Prix World Champion





  • GRAND PRIX RESULTS: SWEDISH GP, 1974


    Swedish GP
    Anderstorp
    Jun 9, 1974

    80 Laps, 4.018












    James Hunt, Niki Lauda, Swedish GP 1974 © The Cahier Archive
    With Ronnie Peterson having won the Monaco Grand Prix a few days earlier there was much excitement in Sweden when the teams arrived at Anderstorp 10 days later. Once again the organizers decided to restrict entries and so there were only 27 cars present. Hans Stuck was out of action because of his broken thumb. He was replaced in the factory March by local hero Reine Wisell. Arturo Merzario was also in trouble having broken a finger in a sportscar crash at Imola and although he practiced for Iso Marlboro in Sweden his place was eventually taken by Tom Belso, while Richard Robarts was in the second car. Brian Redman had left the Shadow team and his place was taken by Sweden’s Bertil Roos. In addition BRM did not have time to repair all its cars and so Francois Migault was left without a a drive.

    Qualifying resulted in Patrick Depailler and Jody Scheckter sharing the front row in their Tyrrell 007s with the two Ferraris of Niki Lauda and Clay Regazzoni on the second row. Ronnie Peterson was fifth alongside James Hunt (Hesketh) while the fourth row featured Jacky Ickx (Lotus) and Jean-Pierre Jarier (Shadow). The top 10 was completed by Emerson Fittipaldi (McLaren) and Carlos Reutemann (Brabham).

    At the start Scheckter took the lead with Peterson slipping ahead of Depailler to take second place. Lauda and Regazzoni followed with Reutemann completing the top six. For the early laps the order remained unchanged but on lap nine Peterson’s Lotus stopped with driveshaft failure, leaving the two Tyrrells out in front. Then came the Ferraris. On lap 24, however, Regazzoni disappeared with a gearbox failure and so Hunt took fourth position, having overtaken Reutemann a few laps earlier. The Argentine driver retired with an oil leak on the 31st lap and so Fittipaldi moved into fifth with Hulme sixth. On lap 57 Hulme went out with a suspension failure and so sixth placed was inherited by Vittorio Brambilla (March).

    Lauda’s Ferrari began to suffer from rear suspension trouble as well and the car became more and more difficult to drive which enabled Hunt to catch Lauda. It was not until the 66th lap that Hunt managed to get ahead. A few laps later Lauda retired with a gearbox problem.

    Hunt chased the Tyrrells but there was no way he could catch them and so Scheckter scored his first World Championship victory and became the sixth winner in seven races.
















































































































































































































































    POS NO DRIVER ENTRANT LAPS TIME/RETIREMENT QUAL POS
    Jody Scheckter  Tyrrell-Cosworth 007  80  1h58m31.391s  
    Patrick Depailler  Tyrrell-Cosworth 007  80  1h58m31.771s  
    24  James Hunt  Hesketh-Cosworth 308  80  1h58m34.716s  
    Emerson Fittipaldi  McLaren-Cosworth M23  80  1h59m24.898s  
    17  Jean-Pierre Jarier  Shadow-Cosworth DN3  80  1h59m47.794s  
    26  Graham Hill  Lola-Cosworth T370  79    15 
    27  Guy Edwards  Lola-Cosworth T370  79    18 
    21  Tom Belso  Iso Marlboro-Cosworth FW  79    21 
    Rikky von Opel  Brabham-Cosworth BT44  79    20 
    10r  10  Vittorio Brambilla  March-Cosworth 741  79  Engine  17 
    11  28  John Watson  Brabham-Cosworth BT42  77    14 
    dq  22  Vern Schuppan  Ensign-Cosworth N174  77  Started Unofficially  26 
    12  Niki Lauda  Ferrari 312B3  70  Transmission 
    Reine Wisell  March-Cosworth 741  59  Suspension  16 
    Denny Hulme  McLaren-Cosworth M23  56  Suspension  12 
    19  Jochen Mass  Surtees-Cosworth TS16  53  Suspension  22 
    Carlos Reutemann  Brabham-Cosworth BT44  30  Mechanical  10 
    Jacky Ickx  Lotus-Cosworth 72E  27  Engine 
    11  Clay Regazzoni  Ferrari 312B3  24  Gearbox 
    18  Carlos Pace  Surtees-Cosworth TS16  15  Handling  24 
    23  Leo Kinnunen  Surtees-Cosworth TS16  Electrics  25 
    Ronnie Peterson  Lotus-Cosworth 72E  Drive Shaft 
    33  Mike Hailwood  McLaren-Cosworth M23  Fuel Leak  11 
    14  Jean-Pierre Beltoise  BRM P201  Engine  13 
    16  Bertil Roos  Shadow-Cosworth DN3  Gearbox  23 
    15  Henri Pescarolo  BRM P201  Fire  19 
    ns  20  Richard Robarts  Iso Marlboro-Cosworth FW    Car Raced By Belso  27 
    ns  20  Arturo Merzario  Iso Marlboro-Cosworth FW    Driver Ill  28 



    Swedish GP, Anderstorp, June 9, 1974, Round: 7, Race Number: 242












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    picture: 1978: McLaren
    picture: 1979:
    picture: Zandvoort 1975: Hesketh Racing 308B
    picture: Zandvoort 1975: Hesketh Racing 308B
    picture: Zandvoort 1976: Marlboro Team Texaco M23



  • James Hunt, the 1976 World Driving Champion in the McLaren M23, by Minichamps in 1:18 scale;



     


    same car, different angle;


  • 25th Anniversary of World Championship. James Hunt. Formula One Grand Prix World Champion 1976


  • ‘James Hunt and Gilles Villeneuve’ © Don Coles
    The British Grandprix 1979

    Formula 1 pit lane motorsport photograph
























  • the races the teams the drivers the cars the circuits the history organisation resets all frames and returns to front page
    18941907192819501954195819611966197019741980198419921998










    Ground Effect – 1974 to 1979


    Fittipaldi & the M-23  - joint champions

    The Closest Battle

    1974 saw one of the closest ever battles for the driver championship and it came after a winter of frantic activity that saw most drivers changing their seats. Fittipaldi went to McLaren, Ickx to Lotus while Tyrrell’s new boys were South African Jody Scheckter and French newcomer Patrick Depailler. Regazzoni returned to Ferrari while Revson and Jean-Pierre Jarier were chosen to drive the Shadows in their second season.

    The first race was in Argentina and Hulme won it from Ferrari’s new boy Lauda. In Brazil it was Fittipaldi while Reutemann won in South Africa. Sadly Peter Revson was killed in pre-race practise at Kyalami. The circus moved on to Europe and Lauda won a maiden victory at Jarama. Fittipaldi and Peterson were next at Nivelles and Monaco respectively. New boy Scheckter scored his first win in Sweden, while Lauda and Regazzoni made it a Ferrari 1-2 at the brand new Dijon track. Scheckter did it again at Brands Hatch, and Regazzoni replied for Ferrari at the Nürburgring. In Austria it was Reutemann who came out on top while Peterson clinched it at Monza.

    Fittipaldi then began his big push with a win in Canada, the season’s penultimate race. The Brazilian and Regazzoni were on equal points going into the last race of the season and Emerson clinched it with a fourth place at the US Grand Prix after his rival failed to finish. McLaren also clinched the constructors title in a race that was marred by the death of Austrian Helmut Koinigg in his first ever race.


    Lauda first title winner - Ferrari 312

    Lauda Takes Risks & Wins

    1975 began with a big surprise. Jean-Pierre Jarier, a man few expected to set the racing world alight, started the season with a pole position for the Shadow team. He settled back to normal by breaking down on the warm-up lap and watched Fittipaldi win the race after a valiant effort from Hunt.

    For Brazil Jarier took pole again. This time he led for 28 laps before retiring and allowing local boy Carlos Pace to record his first win. In South Africa another local man won when Scheckter brought his Tyrrell home first. The next race was in Spain but it almost didn’t get started as many teams threatened to boycott the fixture over concerns about the safety standards of the Montjuich Park track. They relented but the race proved their fears to be well-founded when half the field crashed. Stommelen led but crashed following a wing failure. His car ploughed into the crowd and several people died. The race ended early and Jochen Mass was declared the winner.

    Monaco was wet and Lauda came in first ahead of Fittipaldi. Lauda followed that with wins at Zolder and Anderstorp. Hunt scored next with a popular win at Zandvoort but had to settle for second behind Lauda at Paul Ricard. At Silverstone rain again plagued the race and some fifteen cars crashed before the red flags came out. Fittipaldi, in the pits at the time, was declared the winner. It was to be his last win. In Germany Reutemann clinched the win when several front runners succumbed to punctures. In a confusing season Austria was perhaps the defining race. Shortened by rain the flag was taken by Vittorio Brambilla who promptly crashed on his victory lap! Sadly the American driver Mark Donohue was killed during the warm-up lap.

    All through the season Lauda had been steadily racking up points and he clinched the title with a third place in Monza, where team-mate Regazzoni thrilled the crowd with another win for Ferrari. Only the Glen remained on the calender and Lauda clinched that one with ease. November was another time of tragedy as it was announced that two-times world champion Graham Hill had been killed in a light-aircraft crash. Several members of his team also died including the promising new driver Tony Brise.


    Hunt takes the title

    FORTUNE FAVOURS HUNT

    At the end of the 1975 season Lord Hesketh, for whom James Hunt had driven for several years elected to withdraw from racing. Fortunately for Hunt Fittipaldi announced that he was quitting McLaren to drive for his brother’s Copersucar team. Hunt got the job and in the McLaren he had, for the first time, a real chance of taking the championship. This was also the year that Tyrrell raised a few eyebrows with the development of the stunning six-wheeled P34.

    Hunt started his campaign with pole at Interlagos but it was Lauda who won the race. In Kyalami the pattern was repeated; Hunt on pole, Lauda on the podium. The third race of the season was a new one staged on the street circuit of Long Beach, California, Regazzoni won that one.

    The European season started in Jarama, which was the race in which the six-wheeler first appeared. Hunt beat Lauda but was later disqualified. Lauda won in Belgium and Monaco while Hunt failed to score in both. At the mid point of the season Hunt was way off the pace and it looked like Lauda would win back to back titles. Sweden saw a fabulous one-two for the six-wheelers of Scheckter and Depailler and Hunt’s luck finally turned at Paul Ricard. He won easily when the Ferraris retired. He won at Brands Hatch but was again disqualified in a confusing race. Lauda got the points again.

    Next was the Nürburgring and the accident which nearly cost Lauda his life. Incredibly he was back in the saddle for Monza which was won by Peterson. Hunt again failed to score, although he took wins at Mosport and the Glen. For the first time Japan was to host a race and the Mount Fuji circuit was chosen as the venue. Hunt was three points adrift of Lauda but when the Austrian withdrew due to the atrocious weather Hunt finished third and won the title by a single point.








    Lauda - a world beater again

    Lauda & Ferrari – Champions Again

    Colin Chapman did it again at the start of the 1977 season when he unleashed the Type 78 on an unsuspecting opposition. The 78 which Andretti, and new team-mate Gunnar Nilsson, would drive was the first ‘ground effect’ car. Equipped with prominent side-pods and sliding skirts it effectively sucked the car onto the track. Brabham’s continuing partnership with Alfa Romeo also looked to have produced a very quick car in which Watson led the opening race before it broke and gave Scheckter and the new Wolf the victory.

    Reutemann won in Brazil, while at Kyalami Lauda scored the first win since his accident. The South African race also witnessed the death of British driver Tom Pryce who was killed when he hit a marshal as he ran across the track. Death struck again before the next race when Carlos Pace was killed in a plane crash. The circus went back to Long Beach once more and Scheckter led for most of the race before a puncture gave Andretti and Lotus their first win of the season.

    Andretti added another in Spain, to which Scheckter responded with a win in Monaco that marked the 100th victory for the Cosworth DFV. In Belgium it rained and Lotus driver Nilsson scored a fine win, while Hunt beat off Jabouille’s turbo-charged Renault to win at Silverstone. Hockenheim marked another century of wins, when Lauda scored the 100th victory for Goodyear. In yet another wet race in Austria Alan Jones gave the Shadow team a rare win.

    Lauda continued to score points while Andretti, Hunt and Scheckter suffered a series of engine failures. Lauda won in Holland, Andretti in Italy while Hunt managed to scrape a win at the Glen after Hans Stuck crashed out. Lauda finished fourth and with it earned enough points to take the title. Scheckter took the Canadian race while Hunt finished first on the Mount Fuji circuit in Japan. The race was marred by tragedy when Ferrari’s newcomer Gilles Villeneuve tangled with Peterson. Villeneuve was flipped over the barrier and two spectators were killed.


    Peterson's crash at Monza

    Tragedy at Monza

    Amazingly not a single team appeared to have seen the benefits of the Lotus 78. They began to regret it even more when Chapman unveiled the next generation ‘ground-effect’ car; the Type 79. Lotus kicked off their challenge in bold style with a stunning win by Andretti in Argentina. Brazil saw Reutemann home first, although Emerson Fittipaldi finished a creditable second in the ‘family car’. At Kyalami, Peterson, now back with Lotus, fought of a determined Depailler to take the flag. Reutemann scored again at Long Beach in a race that certainly pointed out Villeneuve as a star of the future.

    Patrick Depailler finally got his first win at Monaco, while in Belgium Andretti took the Type 79 for its first outing. The field were left for dead and only team-mate Peterson could stay even close to him. They repeated the double act at Jarama. By now the other teams had seen the error of their ways and began to field their own ‘ground-effect’ efforts. Wolf got it right fairly quickly and Brabham responded with the amazing ‘fan-car’. Lauda took it to a win on its first outing in Sweden before it was banned.

    Mario and Ronnie did it again in France, but both retired at Brands Hatch to allow Reutemann to take his third win of the season. Peterson drove well and won in Austria in yet another wet race and they all moved to Monza where only Peterson had a chance of catching Andretti. It was not to be. Ronnie was involved in a big pile-up on the first start and flown to hospital. He died the following day from a blood clot and the world of racing was stunned. Andretti was the world champion in the saddest of circumstances.






    Jody Scheckter - on track to the title

    Ferrari Reliability Wins the Day

    By now every single team had developed a ‘ground-effect’ car of one form or another. Some worked better than others. On paper Lotus looked set to take charge of the season yet again as former Ferrari ace Reutemann joined Andretti and Martini replaced JPS as the primary sponsors.

    Of the rest of the teams Williams seemed to have got it right with the FW07, although it was to miss the first few races of the season. For this season Scheckter had quit Wolf to join Villeneuve at Ferrari and after an 18 month apprenticeship in Formula One, Renault elected to become a two-car team. Early indicators suggested that Ligier would do well and Laffite won in both Brazil and Argentina. The new Ferrari 312T4 arrived in time for Kyalami and Villeneuve and Scheckter scored a one-two for the Scuderia. They repeated the effort at Long Beach despite a strong challenge from Jones in the Williams.

    Ligier came back in Spain where Depailler led throughout the race. Zolder heralded the arrival of the FW07 and Jones looked set to take the win until he retired. Scheckter won, as he did in Monaco soon after. Renault then won on home turf with a good run from Jabouille, although the race was best remembered for the battle waged over second place between Villeneuve and Arnoux. The Canadian won. Next it was Williams’ turn to take their first win. Regazzoni delivered it at Silverstone. Jones then added to the tally with wins at Hockenheim, Austria and at Zandvoort. Despite the success of the other drivers, Scheckter continued to score points in every race, so that by the time of his win at Monza he had amassed enough to claim the title with two races still to go.

    At Montreal Jones beat Villeneuve in a fiery battle while Gilles turned the tables at the Glen where Ferrari reliability helped the Canadian into second place in the championship.